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INTERNATIONAL

STANDARD

ISO
14687
First edition
2019-11



Hydrogen fuel quality — Product specification
Qualité du carburant hydrogène — Spécification de produit



Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197, Hydrogen technologies.
This first edition of ISO 14687 cancels and replaces ISO 14687-1:1999, ISO 14687-2:2012 and ISO 14687-3:2014. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigenda ISO 14687-1:1999/Cor 1:2001 and ISO 14687-1:1999/Cor 2:2008.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

Introduction

As mentioned in the Foreword, this document is a combination of three former standards for the specifications of hydrogen fuel, ISO 14687-1, ISO 14687-2 and ISO 14687-3, incorporating their revisions at the same time.
In recent years, PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell technologies have shown a remarkable progress such as lowering of platinum (Pt)‑loading, thinned electrolyte membrane, operation with high current density and operation under low humidity. With this progress, it has become necessary to reconsider the tolerances of hydrogen impurities for the PEM fuel cells which were previously specified in ISO 14687-2 and ISO 14687-3.
Therefore, this document has been mainly revised based on the research and development of PEM fuel cells focusing on the following items[1], [3] to [15]:
PEM fuel cell catalyst and fuel cell tolerance to hydrogen fuel impurities;
effects/mechanisms of impurities on fuel cell power systems and components;
impurity detection and measurement techniques for laboratory, production and in-field operations;
fuel cell vehicle demonstration and stationary fuel cell demonstration results.
The grade D and the grade E of this document are intended to apply to PEM fuel cells for road vehicles and stationary appliances respectively. These aim to facilitate the provision of hydrogen of reliable quality balanced with acceptable lower cost for the hydrogen fuel supply.
This document reflects the state of the art at the date of its publication, but since the quality requirements for hydrogen technology applications are developing rapidly, this document may need to be further revised in the future according to technological progress.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14687:2019 (E)
Hydrogen fuel quality — Product specification

1 Scope

This document specifies the minimum quality characteristics of hydrogen fuel as distributed for utilization in vehicular and stationary applications.
It is applicable to hydrogen fuelling applications, which are listed in Table 1.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19880-8, Gaseous Hydrogen — Fuelling stations — Part 8: Fuel Quality Control
ISO 21087, Gas analysis — Analytical methods for hydrogen fuel — Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for road vehicles

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
boundary point
<PEM fuel cell (3.7) for stationary applications> point between the hydrogen fuel supply equipment (3.13) and the PEM fuel cell power system (3.9) at which the quality characteristics of the hydrogen fuel are to be determined
3.2
constituent
component (or compound) found within a hydrogen fuel mixture
3.3
contaminant
impurity that adversely affects the components within the fuel cell system (3.8), the fuel cell power system (3.9) or the hydrogen storage system
Note 1 to entry: An adverse effect can be reversible or irreversible.
3.4
customer
<PEM fuel cell (3.7) for stationary applications> party responsible for sourcing hydrogen fuel in order to operate the fuel cell power system (3.9)
3.5
detection limit
lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance with a stated confidence limit
3.6
determination limit
lowest quantity which can be measured at a given acceptable level of uncertainty
3.7
fuel cell
electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant to electrical energy (DC power), heat and other reaction products
3.8
fuel cell system
<PEM fuel cell (3.7) for road vehicle applications> power system used for the generation of electricity on a fuel cell vehicle
Note 1 to entry: The fuel cell system typically contains the following subsystems: fuel cell stack, air processing, fuel processing, thermal management and water management.
3.9
fuel cell power system
<PEM fuel cell (3.7) for stationary applications> self-contained fuel cell assembly used for the generation of electricity which is fixed in a place in a specific location
Note 1 to entry: The fuel cell power system typically contains the following subsystems: fuel cell stack, air processing, thermal management, water management and automatic control system. It is used in applications such as: distributed power generation, back-up power generation, remote power generation, electricity and heat co-generation for residential and commercial applications.
Note 2 to entry: For the purposes of the applications, the fuel cell power system does not contain a fuel processing system due to the location of the boundary point (3.1).
3.10
gaseous hydrogen
hydrogen under gaseous form, purified to a minimum mole fraction as specified in tables in this document
3.11
hydrogen-based fuel
<PEM fuel cell (3.7) for stationary applications> gas containing a concentration of hydrogen as specified in tables in this document used for PEM fuel cell for stationary applications
3.12
hydrogen fuel index
mole fraction of a fuel mixture that is hydrogen
3.13
hydrogen fuel supply equipment
equipment used for the transportation or on-site generation of hydrogen fuel, and subsequently for the delivery to the fuel cell power system (3.9), including additional storage, vaporization and pressure regulation as appropriate
3.14
irreversible effect
effect, which results in a permanent degradation of the fuel cell system (3.8) or the fuel cell power system (3.9) performance that cannot be restored by practical changes of operational conditions and/or gas composition
3.15
liquid hydrogen
hydrogen that has been liquefied, i.e. brought to a liquid state
3.16
particulate
solid or liquid such as oil mist that can be entrained somewhere in the production, delivery, storage or transfer of the hydrogen fuel to a fuel cell system (3.8) or a fuel cell power system (3.9)
3.17
reversible effect
effect, which results in a temporary degradation of the fuel cell system (3.8) or the fuel cell power system (3.9) performance that can be restored by practical changes of operational conditions and/or gas composition
3.18
slush hydrogen
hydrogen that is a mixture of solid and liquid at the eutectic (triple-point) temperature
3.19
system integrator
<PEM fuel cell (3.7) for stationary applications> integrator of equipment between the PEM fuel cell power system (3.9) and the hydrogen supply
Bibliography
[1]
ISO/TR 15916, Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems
[2]
ISO 19880-1, Gaseous hydrogen — Fuelling stations — Part 1: General requirements
[3]
SAE J2719, Hydrogen Fuel Quality for Fuel Cell Vehicles
[4]
Angelo M., Bender G., Dorn S., Bethune K., Hossain T., Posey D., & et al The Impacts of Repetitive Carbon Monoxide Poisoning on Performance and Durability of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. ECS Trans. 2008, 16 (2) pp. 669-676
[5]
Angelo M.S., Bethune K.P., & Rocheleau R.E. The Impact of sub ppm Carbon Monoxide and ppm Level CO/Toluene and Methylcyclohexane/CO Mixtures on PEMFC Performance and Durability. ECS Trans. 2010, 28 (23) pp. 169181
[6]
Akai M., Uchida H., Tatsumi M., & Watanabe S. Influences of Impurities in Hydrogen on Fuel Cell Performance", 15th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, 2004, 30C-05
[7]
Bender G., Angelo M., Bethune K., Dorn S., Thampan T., & Rocheleau R. Method Using Gas Chromatography to Determine the Molar Flow Balance for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Exposed to Impurities. J. Power Sources. 2009, 193 pp. 713722
[8]
Hashimasa Y., Matsuda Y., & Akai M. Effects of Platinum Loading on PEFC Power Generation Performance Deterioration by Carbon Monoxide in Hydrogen Fuel. ECS Trans. 2010, 26 (1) pp. 131142
[9]
Imamura D., Ebata D., Hashimasa Y., Akai M., & Watanabe S. “Impact of Hydrogen Fuel Impurities on PEMFC Performance”, 2007 JSAE/SAE International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, 2007, First Issue, pp. 100-104
[10]
Imamura D., & Hashimasa Y. Effect of Sulfur-Containing Compounds on Fuel Cell Performance. ECS Trans. 2007, 11 (1) pp. 853862
[11]
Matsuda Y., Hashimasa Y., Imamura D., Akai M., & Watanabe S. Accumulation Behavior of Impurities in fuel Cell Hydrogen Circulation System. Review of Automotive Engineering. 2009, 30 pp. 167172
[12]
St-Pierre J. PEMFC Contamination Model: Competitive Adsorption Followed by an Electrochemical Reaction. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156 (3) pp. B291B300
[13]
St-Pierre J. PEMFC contaminant tolerance limit—CO in H2. Electrochim. Acta. 2010, 55 pp. 42084211
[14]
Thampan T., Rocheleau R., Bethune K., & Wheeler D. “Effect of Trace Contaminants on PEM Fuel Cell Performance”, in Generation, Storage and Fuel Cells, edited by Anne Dillon, Charles Olk, Constantina Filiou, Jim Ohi (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 885, Warrendale, PA), 0885-A01-05, 2005
[15]
Watanabe S. Motoaki Akai, Masahito Tatsumi, “Hydrogen Quality Standard for Fuel of Fuel Cell Vehicles. Fuel Cell Seminar Abstracts, 2004, pp. 24851
[16]
Li H., Wang H., Qian W., Zhang S., Wessel S., Cheng T.T.H., Shen J., & Wu S. Chloride contamination effects on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance and durability. Journal of Power Sources, 2011, 196, issue 15 August 1, 2011. pp. 6249-6255



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