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3.1 Ground investigation methods
3.2 Drilling rigs and equipment
3.3 Sampling
3.4 Rock and soil properties
3.5 Abbreviated terms
4 Equipment
4.1 Requirements for the drilling rigs and equipment
4.2 Drilling parameters
4.3 Safety and special requirements
5 Procedures
5.1 General requirements for sampling
5.2 Selection of techniques and methods
5.3 Sampling categories for soil
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Sample disturbance
5.3.3 Category A sampling
5.3.4 Category B sampling
5.3.5 Category C sampling
5.3.6 Category D sampling
5.3.7 Category E sampling
5.4 Sampling categories for rock
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Sampling disturbance
5.4.3 Category A sampling
5.4.4 Category B sampling
5.4.5 Category C sampling
5.4.6 Category D sampling
5.4.7 Category E sampling
5.5 Sampling in trial pits, other excavations, headings and shafts
5.6 Requirements for ground investigation sites and points
5.7 Preliminary information needed before starting sampling
5.8 Backfilling and site reinstatement
6 Soil sampling methods
6.1 General
6.2 Sampling by drilling (continuous sampling)
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Sampling by rotary drilling
6.2.3 Sampling by use of hammer driving methods
6.2.4 Sampling by cable percussion drilling
6.2.5 Sampling by hollow stem auger drilling
6.2.6 Sampling by grab drilling
6.2.7 Soil sampling by small diameter drilling
6.2.8 Sampling by resonance drilling
6.3 Sampling using samplers
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Sampling using the open-tube sampler and the piston sampler
6.3.3 Sampling using the standard penetration test sampler
6.3.4 Sampling by using the window sampler
6.3.5 Sampling using the windowless sampler
6.4 Block sampling
6.4.1 Sampling from trial pits
6.4.2 Sampling using large samplers
7 Rock sampling methods
7.1 General
7.2 Sampling by drilling
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Sampling by rotary dry core drilling
7.2.3 Sampling by rotary core drilling
7.2.4 Sampling by wireline core drilling
7.2.5 Sampling of cuttings by rotary open hole drilling
7.3 Block sampling
8 Groundwater sampling methods for geotechnical purposes
8.1 General
8.2 Equipment
8.3 Techniques of groundwater sampling
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Extraction by pumping
8.3.3 Extraction by water sampler
8.3.4 Extraction by vacuum bottles
9 Preservation, labelling, transport and storage of samples
9.1 General
9.2 Preservation of samples
9.3 Labelling of samples
9.4 Transport and storage of samples
9.4.1 General considerations
9.4.2 Sampling category A
9.4.3 Sampling category B to E
9.4.4 Transport of water samples
10 Report
10.1 Field report
10.1.1 General
10.1.2 Summary log
10.1.3 Drilling record
10.1.4 Sampling record
10.1.5 Record of identification and description of soil and rock
10.1.6 Backfilling record
10.1.7 Record of groundwater measurements during drilling and sampling
10.1.8 Daily record
10.2 Report of the results
Annex A (informative) Example of a form for the preliminary information on the intended sampling
Annex B (informative) Field reports
Annex C (informative) Drilling and sampling equipment for soil and rock
Annex D (informative) Examples of commonly used samplers and sample types
Annex E (informative) Vacuum bottles for groundwater sampling
Annex F (informative) Sealing and securing samples
Annex G (informative) Sampling of coarse soils by drilling
Annex H (informative) Sample quality
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International Standard ISO 22475-1 | |
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling methods and groundwater measurements Part 1: Technical principles for the sampling of soil, rock and groundwater Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Méthodes de prélèvement et mesurages piézométriques — Partie 1: Principes techniques pour le prélèvement des sols, des roches et des eaux souterraines Reference number ISO 22475-1:2021(en) | Second edition 2021-10
© ISO 2021
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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
E-mail copyright@iso.org
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Published in Switzerland
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ContentsPage
4 Equipment
4.1 Requirements for the drilling rigs and equipment
4.2 Drilling parameters
4.3 Safety and special requirements
5 Procedures
5.1 General requirements for sampling
5.2 Selection of techniques and methods
5.3 Sampling categories for soil
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Sample disturbance
5.3.3 Category A sampling
5.3.4 Category B sampling
5.3.5 Category C sampling
5.3.6 Category D sampling
5.3.7 Category E sampling
5.4 Sampling categories for rock
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Sampling disturbance
5.4.3 Category A sampling
5.4.4 Category B sampling
5.4.5 Category C sampling
5.4.6 Category D sampling
5.4.7 Category E sampling
5.5 Sampling in trial pits, other excavations, headings and shafts
5.6 Requirements for ground investigation sites and points
5.7 Preliminary information needed before starting sampling
5.8 Backfilling and site reinstatement
6 Soil sampling methods
6.1 General
6.2 Sampling by drilling (continuous sampling)
6.2.1 General
1.1.1
6.2.2 Sampling by rotary drilling
6.2.3 Sampling by use of hammer driving methods
6.2.4 Sampling by cable percussion drilling
6.2.5 Sampling by hollow stem auger drilling
6.2.6 Sampling by grab drilling
6.2.7 Soil sampling by small diameter drilling
6.2.8 Sampling by resonance drilling
6.3 Sampling using samplers
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Sampling using the open-tube sampler and the piston sampler
6.3.3 Sampling using the standard penetration test sampler
6.3.4 Sampling by using the window sampler
6.3.5 Sampling using the windowless sampler
6.4 Block sampling
6.4.1 Sampling from trial pits
6.4.2 Sampling using large samplers
7 Rock sampling methods
7.1 General
7.2 Sampling by drilling
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Sampling by rotary dry core drilling
7.2.3 Sampling by rotary core drilling
7.2.4 Sampling by wireline core drilling
7.2.5 Sampling of cuttings by rotary open hole drilling
7.3 Block sampling
8 Groundwater sampling methods for geotechnical purposes
8.1 General
8.2 Equipment
8.3 Techniques of groundwater sampling
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Extraction by pumping
8.3.3 Extraction by water sampler
8.3.4 Extraction by vacuum bottles
9 Preservation, labelling, transport and storage of samples
9.1 General
9.2 Preservation of samples
9.3 Labelling of samples
9.4 Transport and storage of samples
9.4.1 General considerations
9.4.2 Sampling category A
9.4.3 Sampling category B to E
9.4.4 Transport of water samples
10 Report
10.1 Field report
10.1.1 General
10.1.2 Summary log
10.1.3 Drilling record
10.1.4 Sampling record
10.1.5 Record of identification and description of soil and rock
10.1.6 Backfilling record
10.1.7 Record of groundwater measurements during drilling and sampling
10.1.8 Daily record
10.2 Report of the results
Annex A (informative) Example of a form for the preliminary information on the intended sampling
Annex B (informative) Field reports
Annex C (informative) Drilling and sampling equipment for soil and rock
Annex D (informative) Examples of commonly used samplers and sample types
Annex E (informative) Vacuum bottles for groundwater sampling
Annex F (informative) Sealing and securing samples
Annex G (informative) Sampling of coarse soils by drilling
Annex H (informative) Sample quality
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical Investigation and Testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22475-1:2006), which has been technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
—
clauses on groundwater measurement will be part of ISO 18674-4;
—
new sampling categories for soils have been added;
—
editorial updates have been made.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22475 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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1Scope
This document deals with principles of sampling of soil, rock and groundwater as part of the programme of geotechnical investigation and testing.
NOTE 1This document fulfils the requirements for sampling of soil, rock and groundwater, and groundwater measurements as part of the programme of geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2.
The aims of such ground investigations are:
a)
to recover soil, rock and water samples of a quality appropriate to assess the general suitability of a site for geotechnical engineering purposes and to determine the required ground characteristics in the laboratory;
b)
to obtain information on the sequence, thickness and orientation of strata and discontinuities;
c)
to establish the type, composition and condition of strata;
d)
to obtain information on groundwater conditions and recover water samples for assessment of the interaction of groundwater, soil, rock and construction material.
Soil sampling for the purposes of agricultural and environmental soil investigation is not covered.
NOTE 2Guidance on soil sampling for these purposes including of contaminated or potentially contaminated sites is provided in the ISO 18400 series. ISO 18400-204 provides in addition guidance on sampling and measurement of soil (ground) gas.
NOTE 3The sampling methods, presented in this document may not be suitable for all types of soil e.g. peat with strong fibrous structure.
NOTE 4Some of the sampling methods presented in this document are suitable for both soil and rock.
Water sampling for the purposes of quality control, quality characterisation and identification of sources of pollution of water, including bottom deposits and sludges, is not covered.
NOTE 5Water sampling for these purposes can be found in the ISO 5667 series.
2Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 1: Identification and description
ISO 14689, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification, description and classification of rock
ISO 3551-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units
ISO 3552-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System B — Part 1: Metric units
ISO 10097-1, Wireline diamond core drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008/Suppl 1:2008, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995) — Supplement 1: Propagation of distributions using a Monte Carlo method
ISO/IEC Guide 98-1, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 1: Introduction to the expression of uncertainty in measurement
3Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14688-1, ISO 14689 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
—
ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
—
IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1Ground investigation methods
3.1.1
trial pit
open excavation constructed to examine the ground conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry out field testing
3.1.2
shaft
open or steeply inclined excavation, typically more than 5 m deep, constructed to examine the ground conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry out field testing
3.1.3
3.1.4
borehole
hole of any predetermined diameter and length formed in any geological formation or manmade material by drilling (3.1.5)
Note 1 to entry: Investigations carried out in such a hole can be to recover rock, soil or water samples (3.3.4) from a specified depth or to carry out field tests and measurements.
3.1.5
3.1.6
small diameter drilling
drilling (3.1.5) in the soil with a diameter greater than 30 mm but less than 80 mm
3.1.7
drilling method
technique employed to create and stabilise the borehole (3.1.4)
3.2Drilling rigs and equipment
3.2.1
drilling tool
device, which is attached to, or an integral part of, the drill string that is used for penetrating the geological formation as a cutting tool
3.2.2
drill bit
device, which is attached to, or an integral part of, the drill string that is used as a cutting tool to penetrate the formation being drilled by the drilling method (3.1.7) employed
3.2.3
drill rig
device which carries out the drilling (3.1.5) function
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
sample retainer
cylindrical device containing flexible spring fingers, hinged wedged-shaped fingers or a hinged flap mounted in a carrier ring and mounted at the lower end of the sampler tube and used to retain the sample (3.3.4) in the tube as the sampler is being lifted from the ground
3.3Sampling
3.3.1
sampling by drilling
continuous sampling
process by which samples (3.3.4) are obtained by the drilling tools (3.2.1) as the borehole (3.1.4) proceeds
Note 1 to entry: The drilling (3.1.5) process is designed to obtain complete samples of the length of the borehole. The drilling tools are used as sampling tools.
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
sample
representative specimen of rock, soil or groundwater recovered from a recorded location
3.3.5
sampling method
set of equipment and procedures employed in a sampling operation
3.3.6
3.3.7
sampling disturbance
changes to the sample due to the sampling operation
Note 1 to entry: These changes can be of physical, chemical and/or state properties of the sampled material.
3.3.9
block sample
sample (3.3.4) of soil or rock cut out by special techniques to minimise disturbance
3.3.10
3.3.11
3.3.12
core run
length of core sampling in an exploratory hole defined by the start and end depths (or other linear measurement) of the sampling tool
3.3.13
3.3.14
3.3.15
inside clearance ratio
Ci
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: Inside clearance ratio is expressed in %.
Note 3 to entry: Inside clearance ratio is one of the factors that determine the mechanical disturbance of the sample (3.3.4) caused by the friction on the inside wall of sample tube or of the liner.
Figure 1 — Definitions of the diameters D1, D2, D3 and D4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
3.3.16
3.3.17
3.3.18
solid core recovery
SCR
length of solid core (3.3.8) recovered in the core run (3.3.12), where solid core has at least one full diameter, expressed as a percentage of the length of the core run
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Note 2 to entry: A solid core has a full diameter, uninterrupted by natural discontinuities, but not necessarily a full circumference and is commonly measured along the core axis or other scan line.
Note 3 to entry: Core without at least one full diameter is termed non-intact.
Figure 2 — Application of fracture state terms for rock cores | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NOTEAll features shown are natural discontinuities unless stated otherwise. |
3.3.19
3.3.20
net sample recovery ratio
IC
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Lengths of core run and sample | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
3.3.21
thin-walled
<soil sampler> having a low area ratio (3.3.14), a low taper angle and a thin edge
3.3.22
3.4Rock and soil properties
3.4.1
structure
pattern of discontinuities in soil and rock mass which subdivides the mass into individual units
3.4.2
texture
size, shape and arrangement of the grains for soil and rock
3.5Abbreviated terms
| AS | disturbed sample from augering |
| B | bulk disturbed samples |
| BS | hand trimmed block sample |
| CP | cable percussion drilling |
| CPT | cone penetration testing |
| CS | rotary core sample |
| D | small disturbed sample |
| DLDS | Deltares large diameter sampler |
| DT | double tube drilling |
| GS | grab sample |
| HSAS | liner sample from hollow stem augering |
| LS | large samplers |
| OS | open-tube samplers |
| PE | percussion |
| PS | piston samplers |
| PU | pushed |
| RC | rotary coring |
| RO | rotary open holing |
| S-SPT | standard penetration test sampler |
| S-TP | disturbed sampling from trial pit |
| S-BB | sampling from borehole bottom |
| SN | resonance/sonic drilling |
| ST | single tube drilling |
| T/W | thin-walled |
| TK/W | thick-walled |
| TP | trial pitting |
| TT | triple tube drilling |
| WS | window sampler |
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Bibliography
[1] | Levebvre and Poulin, 1979: A new method of sampling in sensitive clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal | |
[2] | Bishop, 1948: Bishop sand sampler — Equipment for undisturbed soil sampling in borings | |
[3] | La Rochelle et al.,1981 Causes of sampling disturbance and design of a new sampler. Canadian Geotechnical Journal | |
[4] | Berre T., Schjetne K., & Sollie S. 1969. Sampling disturbance of soft marine clays. Proc. of the 7th ICSMFE, Special Session, Mexico. | |
[5] | Kallstenius T. 1961: Mechanical Disturbance in Clay Samples Taken with Piston Sampler, Proc. Royal S.G.I. No. 16. | |
[6] | Osterberg, 1973: An improved hydraulic piston sampler. In Proceedings 8th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering | |
[7] | Broms and Hallen 1971: Sampling of sand and moraine with the Swedish Foil Sampler. Proc., Specialty Session, Quality in Soil Sampling, Fourth Asian Conference, Int. Soc. Soil Mech. | |
[8] | Begemann 1961: A new method for taking samples of great length. Proc. V- Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Paris, Pt. I, p. 437 1971: Soil Sampler for Taking Undisturbed Sample 66 mm in Diameter and with a Maximum Length of 17 m," 4th Asian Conf. ISSMFE, Bangkok, p. 54-57 | |
[9] | Johnson H.L. (1940). "Improved sampler and sampling technique for cohesionless materials," Civ. Eng., 10, pp. 346-348 | |
[10] | Terzaghi and Peck 1967: Soil mechanics in engineering practice. Wiley | |
[11] | Cambefort and Mazier, 1961: Recherches des écoulements d'eau privileges set prélévements intacts de sols cohérents hétérogénes', Proc. 5th Int. | |
[12] | Girard B., Doan D.H., Droniuc N., Guilleman C., Stoelben F., & Cappy S. 2017: The Use of Specific Studies to Help Engineers to Better Estimate the Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Embankment Soils. Case Study In South-Eastern France. – Proc. Dam Safety, Sept. 10-14, 2017, San Antonio | |
[13] | Stölben F., Stölben L., Eitner V., & Courivaud J.-R. Undisturbed sampling of no cohesive soils by drilling. Proc. ISC'6, 2020 Budapest | |
[14] | Andresen A., & Kolstad P. 1979. The NGI 54 – mm samples for undisturbed sampling of clays and representative sampling of coarser materials. In Proceedings of the International Symposium of Soil Sampling, Singapore. pp. 13–21 | |
[15] | Lacasse S., & Berre T. "State-of-the-Art Paper: Triaxial Testing Methods for Soils," in Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, ed. Donaghe R., Chaney R., & Silver M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 1988), 264-289 | |
[16] | Terzaghi K., Peck R.B., & Mesri G. 1996. Soil mechanics in engineering practice. 3rd ed. Wiley, New York | |
[17] | Lunne T., Berre T., & Strandvik S. 1997. Sample disturbance effects in soft low plastic Norwegian clay. In Proceedings of the Conference on Recent Developments in Soil and Pavement Mechanics, Rio de Janeiro, June 1997, pp. 81–102 | |
[18] | Karlsrud K, & Hernandez-Martinez F (2013): Strength and deformation properties of Norwegian clays from laboratory tests on high-quality block samples, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 50:1273-1293 | |
[19] | Ladd C.C., & DeGroot D.J. (2003). Recommended practice for soft ground site characterization. In Soil and rock America, vol.1 (Proc. 12th PanAmerican Conf.). Essen: Glu¨ ckauf, pp. 3–57 | |
[20] | Ladd C.C., & Lambe T.W. (1963). "The strength of 'undisturbed' clay determined from undrained tests." Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing of Soils, ASTM, STP 361, 342-371 | |
[21] | Hight D. W., Böese R., Butcher A. P., Clayton C. R. I., & Smith P. R. (1992): Disturbance of the Bothkennar clay prior to laboratory testing. Géotechnique 1992 42:2, 199-217 | |
[22] | Tanaka H., Sharma P., Tsuchida T., & Tanaka M. (1996). Comparative Study on Sample Quality Using Several Types of Samplers. Soils and foundations 36(1), 57-68 | |
[23] | Tanaka H. (200). Sample quality of cohesive soils: lessons from three sites, Ariake, Bothkennar and Drammen Soils and Foundations, 40 (4) (2000), pp. 57-74 | |
[24] | Landon MM, DeGroot DJ, & Sheahan TC 2007, Nondestructive sample quality assessment of a soft clay using shear wave velocity, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Volume 133 Issue 4. | |
[25] | Donohue S., & Long M (2010): Assessment of sample quality in soft clay using shear wave velocity and suction measurements. Géotechnique, 60 (11): 883-889 | |
[26] | ISO 18400 (all parts), Soil quality — Sampling | |
[27] | ISO 22476-3, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 3: Standard penetration test | |
[28] | ISO 5667 (all parts), Water quality — Sampling | |
[29] | EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design — Part 1: General Rules | |
[30] | EN 1997-2, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design — Part 2: Ground investigation and testing | |
[31] | EN 16228-1, Drilling and foundation equipment — Safety — Part 1: Common requirements | |
[32] | EN 16228-2, Drilling and foundation equipment — Safety — Part 2: Mobile drill rigs for civil and geotechnical engineering, quarrying and mining | |
[33] | ISO 22476-15, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 15: Measuring while drilling | |
[34] | BS 879 (all parts), Water well casing |
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